Antisemitism
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| Nazi antisemitic propaganda. German promotional cover for Veit Harlan’s Jud Süß (1940), Illustrierter Film-Kurier, no. 3130.[1]
Scan: German Propaganda Archive, Calvin University. Original flyer: public domain, Kenyon catalogue. |
Antisemitism is prejudice against, hostility toward or discrimination against Jews. It has taken religious, racial and political forms, including conspiracy theories, unequal laws, exclusion, forced conversion, expulsion and physical violence. The Holocaust was the Nazi German regime’s systematic persecution and murder of European Jews.[2]
Forms and recurring claims
Religious hostility included false accusations that Jews collectively bore responsibility for Jesus’s death or murdered Christian children for ritual purposes, the blood libel. Modern racial antisemitism treated Jewish ancestry as a fixed biological characteristic: conversion or individual belief did not remove the identity imposed by the racist.[3]
Conspiracy theories portray Jews as a single hidden power controlling finance, politics or the press. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a notorious forgery promoting that claim. Such allegations turn people with different beliefs and interests into an imagined collective actor.[4] Nazi Germany gave racial antisemitism state power through exclusion, dispossession, deportation and the systematic murder of European Jews.[3]
Historical overviews
| Topic | Article |
|---|---|
| Legal inequality, compulsory Jewish dress, forced conversion and expulsion | Antisemitic discrimination in the Arab world |
| Attacks across the Middle East and North Africa | Antisemitic violence in the Arab world before 1948 |
| Palestine before British rule | Violence in Palestine before British rule |
| The Mandate-era chronology | Killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine |
| Nazi persecution and mass murder | Holocaust: evidence, Jewish victims by country, camps and killing centres |
| Jewish national self-determination and Israel | Zionism and Israel and antisemitism |
Compulsory identifying clothing
The history of compulsory Jewish dress began centuries before Nazi Germany. Captain Allen History traces yellow belts and other markings in his nine-post thread. For the earlier legal restrictions, see compulsory Jewish dress before the Holocaust; for Nazi requirements, see the Jewish badge.
Reports by country and region
Europe
United Kingdom
- @bruce_weingart — 2023-06-02.
- @OfDalston — 2023-09-21.
- X post — 2023-10-10.
- BBC: Call to “blow up” Jewish conference by former Bristol councillor probed
- The Jewish Chronicle: controversy over a cleric’s admission to the UK
You can't even call to blow up a venue full of Jews without being called antisemitic these days...
Shocking. Two women beat a Jewish woman unconscious in London, then continuing to beat her limp body while passers-by ignore the whole thing. Echoes of history
London and policing
- @hurryupharry — 2023-10-21.
- @metpoliceuk — 2023-10-21.
- @SirJamesNiner — 2023-10-22.
- @HenMazzig — 2023-10-21.
You have to understand that police are busy. Busy explaining why Jihad doesn’t mean Jihad, why calling for genocide isn’t calling for genocide and how Jihadist flags aren’t jihadist flags.
As @metpoliceuk braces for a massive pro-Palestinian march in London this afternoon, bear in mind that @JewishChron has revealed that several of its leaders have links to Hamas. Some have been photographed meeting terror chiefs in Gaza and several have openly expressed support for the violent organisation, in apparent defiance of British law. Details below.
- Daily Mail: commentary on policing and pro-Palestinian protests
- The Jewish Chronicle: groups behind a London march and their reported Hamas links
Police investigating cases of London bus drivers not stopping for Jewish kids: “Jewish kids waited at a bus stop in Stamford Hill. The driver slowed down but continued without stopping. Passengers encouraged him, made antisemitic remarks & expressed gratitude for not stopping”
Scotland
- JTA: Glasgow’s Pink Peacock café closes after alleging antisemitism from leftists
- Israellycool: commentary on the Pink Peacock café
France
- Politico: French Jews living in fear after the Hamas attack
- The Times of Israel: French Jewish families moving to Israel amid antisemitism
- @HenMazzig — 2023-10-31.
- @HenMazzig — 2024-10-30.
Poland
- Deutsche Welle: Poland marks 50 years since the 1968 antisemitic purge
- JTA: children’s event held over Jewish graves in Poland
Czech Republic
Spain
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-21.
Russia
Sergej Sumlenny compares Soviet cartoons and Russian attacks on Zelenskyy’s Jewish background in his account of the combination of antisemitism and anti-Ukrainian propaganda.[5]
The 1981 Perets cartoon В одній упряжці (In the Same Harness) put caricatured Jewish and Ukrainian nationalist figures under a shared yoke, pulling a cart marked “Cold War” and “Anti-Sovietism”. A contemporary article in Svoboda criticised it as an attack on developing Jewish-Ukrainian cooperation abroad.[6]
On 2 May 2022, Israel condemned Lavrov’s remarks about Zelenskyy’s Jewish identity and summoned the Russian ambassador.[7]
On 28 February 2018, the Russian manufacturer Slavitsa announced an ice cream called “Бедный еврей” (“Poor Jew”). Its wrapper combined an Israeli-flag design with Cyrillic lettering styled to resemble Hebrew. Leonid Shteinberg, a Jewish community leader in Naberezhnye Chelny, called the product racist and demanded that production and sales stop.[8] Slavitsa also marketed “Khokhol”, an ethnic slur against Ukrainians, in blue-and-yellow packaging.[8]
Slavitsa had drawn accusations of racism in 2016 over “Obamka” (“Little Obama”), a chocolate ice cream whose wrapper depicted a Black child. The company denied a political motive.[9]
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| Slavitsa’s “Бедный еврей” (“Poor Jew”) wrapper: Cyrillic letters imitate Hebrew, beneath a Star of David and blue stripes. Image: Slavitsa’s product catalogue. |
On 28–29 October 2023, antisemitic mobs attacked a hotel in Khasavyurt and stormed Makhachkala airport, searching for Jewish and Israeli guests and passengers. Police allowed crowd leaders to check hotel guests; airport rioters checked passports and stoned a passenger bus. The attacks in Dagestan were documented by Human Rights Watch.[10]
- @ManiacMagic1 — 2023-10-29.
- @ManiacMagic1 — 2023-10-29.
North America
United States
- Aish: American Jews Are Concealing Their Jewish Identity
- @CombatASemitism — 2023-06-25.
- @gdatz — 2023-10-11.
- @LernerIsaak — 2023-10-12.
- @yashar — 2023-12-03.
51% of 18 to 24-year-olds say Hamas's slaughter of Israeli citizens was justified. Yet 62% also say it was a genocide. So, a sizeable number of young Americans think genocide against Israelis is justified.
Brooklyn
- @NiohBerg — 2024-10-31.
Canada
- @AntisemitismCA — 2023-10-22.
- @AntisemitismCA — 2023-10-22.
- @AntisemitismCA — 2023-10-24.
- @Anthony__Koch — 2023-11-08.
- @wesyang — 2023-11-09.
Australia
Anti-Israel activists targeted a hotel in Melbourne tonight after rumours circulated that it was hosting the family members of Israeli hostages. Note the dolls with fake blood stains. Just horrifying and bizarre anti-Semitism. I am so ashamed as an Australian
Middle East and North Africa
- @baum_p — 2023-06-24.
Jerusalem
- @azoury_ayelet — 2023-06-25.
Palestine
- @israel_advocacy — 2023-07-21.
Iraq
Iran
- @persianjewess — 2024-02-02.
Universities and public institutions
Universities
- The Jerusalem Post: CUNY Law graduate has no regrets about antisemitic speech
- Jewish News: a former Warwick student’s account of antisemitism on campus
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-25.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-11-12.
- @MrAndyNgo — Harvard — 2023-11-02.
- New York Post: George Washington University medical faculty panel and Hamas
- @PhilWMagness — University of Utah — 2023-12-13.
United Nations
- @DrewPavlou — 2023-11-14.
Hostage posters and antisemitic imagery
Removal of hostage posters
- @EylonALevy — 2023-10-12.
- @DaveAtherton20 — 2023-10-12.
- @antisemitism — 2023-10-17.
- @ItamarOfner — 2023-10-19.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-20.
- @canarymission — 2023-10-20.
- @libsoftiktok — 2023-10-20.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-22.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-23.
- @MrAndyNgo — 2023-10-23.
- @CAMERAonCampus — 2023-10-23.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-24.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-24.
- @AntisemitismCA — 2023-10-25.
- @DYShor — 2023-10-27.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-28.
- @nickjr001 — 2023-10-28.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-29.
- @yaelbt — 2023-10-29.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-29.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-30.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-31.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-31.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-31.
- @HaMeturgeman — 2023-10-31.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-31.
- @GileadIni — 2023-10-31.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-31.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-11-02.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-11-04.
- @skjask — 2023-11-04.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-11-07.
- @canarymission — 2023-11-07.
- @canarymission — 2023-11-07.
- @YossiGoldstein8 — 2023-11-07.
- @visegrad24 — NYU professor — 2023-11-12.
- @canarymission — 2023-12-03.
- Campus Reform report, article 24191
- Canary Mission: Aleela Taylor profile
- X search: “tear down missing”
Police responses and arrests
- Metropolitan Police: statement on officers removing posters in Edgware
- @adammaanit — 2023-10-30.
- @sumlenny — 2023-10-31.
- @AdamAlbilya — 2023-11-09.
- @MrAndyNgo — 2023-11-10.
Antisemitic posters and imagery
|
| Nazi election propaganda, 1932. “Wir wählen Hindenburg!” (“We vote for Hindenburg!”) appears in faux-Hebrew lettering above Hindenburg supporters; “Wir wählen Hitler!” appears in blackletter above Nazi figures.[11] Image: Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin. |
“Keep the world clean” poster:
- @daverich1 — 2023-10-21.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-21.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-21.
- @visegrad24 — 2023-10-22.
- @StopAntisemites — 2023-10-25.
- @IsraelWarRoom — 2023-11-13.
Essays and commentary
Paul Rosenberg on recognising antisemitism
Paul Rosenberg, How To Recognize Antisemitism (archived copy):
Antisemitism – the desire to diminish, blame or hurt Jews – has never really gone away, although it has gone underground for longish periods, as it did once people grasped the horrors of the Nazi holocaust.
Lately, however, I’m seeing more and more of it. I’ve particularly seen it targeted to libertarian, ancap and other pro-freedom movements. Whether this is simple opportunism or whether some group is sponsoring it, I can’t tell. But I am seeing it a lot, and I feel a need to respond.
So I’m going to tell you how to recognize antisemitism, and all it requires is that you hold one fact in mind:
Antisemitism is an obsession.
There are other ways to recognize it, of course, but this the best tell I know.
The promoter of antisemitism needs to talk about Jews. He or she (usually a he) will jump at even half-opportunities to do so. He’s also likely to cultivate a set of “facts,” ready to go at a moment’s notice.
Such a person will ignore correction. You can stand up and say, “I’m a Jew and I’ve never heard that,” but they’ll continue telling everyone they can “what really goes on in synagogues.” And if you don’t go away at that point, they’ll pull out some dubious statement from a supposed Jewish holy book, saying that we’re supposed to lie… that we are forced to practice lying. After that, they can brand you as a purposeful deceiver and claim victory.
There are sets of quotations going around that I call “the stupidest things ever said by a Jew.” These are treated seriously, as if all of us secretly believe such stupidities. And again, it matters not whether any actual Jews have ever heard those things, much less agreed with them.
There are also many slogans. Some take a “We’re not really antisemites,” tack, as with, “It’s not Jews, it’s Zionists,” or, “They’re not Jews, they’re Khazars.” And there’s always the classic: “A secret group of Jews is running the world.”
Even when such people can’t outright say “the Jews,” they’ll use code words: “the Chosen,” “the Tribe,” and whatever the newest ones may be.
As for the new version of antisemitism, I can tell you only what I’m seeing. (Note: I do not use Twitter, Facebook or the others.) And what I’m seeing is a version of the old “world-ruling conspiracy,” mixed with some horrifying stories of child abuse and Satanism. Filthy stuff… “need a shower after listening” stuff.
And so, there you have it. It’s here, it’s ugly, it’s making the rounds, and I hope I’ve helped you to recognize it.
Finally, please remember that the ultimate solution is to love one another. All else is distraction, decline and darkness.
Paul Rosenberg
Reactions to antisemitism
Went to the Holocaust Museum and learned something new: 1. The Nazis passed hundreds of anti-Semitic laws in their first year in power, but most were relatively minor and allowed for exemptions of popular groups (e.g., Jewish WWI veterans); some were even rolled back.
I've often explained that many phenomena involve only three possible outcomes. For example, on any given day, your weight can either increase, stay exactly the same, or decrease. There are no other possibilities.
Now on October 7, 2023, 1,400+ innocent Israelis were slaughtered and raped in astoundingly brutal ways. Many of the victims were children, women, the elderly, etc. Now you would think that this is one reality that would absolutely unite all decent people in their collective revulsion. Hence, subsequent to the October 7 massacre of 1,400+ innocent Jews, the world could either see an increase of Jew-hatred, no change in Jew-hatred, or a decrease of Jew-hatred.
Based on all that we've seen, there has been a marked INCREASE of Jew-hatred when 1,400+ Jews were massacred. That's what genocidal Jew-hatred looks like. Jews do not have the right to be dignified even in their deaths. Even their slaughter needs to be sullied. Jew-hatred is a stain on the human spirit. It is all-consuming; eternal; hysterical; diabolical. This does not mean that there isn't hatred targeting other groups. But there is no greater cancer of the human spirit than Jew-hatred. There is no hatred that is more self-definitional than Jew-hatred. There is no hatred on which people organize their entire societies than Jew-hatred. Never again is happening again.
I think this is why the missing person signs have become a flashpoint. The dissonance between oppressed Palestinians and Hamas terror is too great. One path to resolve this dissonance is to denounce Hamas as occupiers of Gazan Palestinians. The other is to deny their crimes.
Dhimmi status and Israel
See Antisemitic discrimination in the Arab world for the historical legal restrictions.
Captain Allen History — 2023-09-27:
One often overlooked aspect of the #Arab/#Israeli conflict is what #British Vice Consul in Mosul H.E.W. Young called in 1909 a “culture of #dhimmitude,” which he described as #Muslims looking at #Jews in a “master/slave sort of way” where Jews lived “at the whims of [their] Muslim overlords” and “tolerance” only existed to the extent Jews “kept their place.”
The very idea of Arab Muslims living in a “#Jewish State,” therefore, was ornithologically shocking to Arab Muslims who had been looking down on their subordinate Jewish neighbors as something more akin to #Muslim property for centuries.
In the eyes of a Muslim, Jews were simply not a people capable of or worthy of being rulers, but only capable of or worthy of being ruled by Muslims.
After all, how could those who rejected #Muhammad rule over those who accepted Muhammed and lived by his teachings?
Jews’ rejection of Muhammad automatically made “Jews” synonymous with “#infidels,” and required any Jews living in Muslim lands to openly acknowledge the superiority of Muslims in all ways and at all times.
In fact, history shows that any time Jews started gaining something even close to “#equality” with Muslims while living in Arab or #Islamic lands, the Jewish communities were repressed, sometimes violently.
Similarly, under Ottoman Muslim rule, most Jews in Eretz #Israel lived in abject misery due to their inferior #dhimmi status.
One 19th century traveler to Eretz Israel, Signor Pananti wrote, “there is no species of outrage or vexation to which they are not exposed … the indolent Moor, with a pipe in his mouth and his legs crossed, calls any #Jew who is passing, and makes him perform the offices of a servant … Even fountains were happier, at least they were allowed to murmur.
Also, as Bernard Lewis wrote in “The Jews of #Islam,” “[T]rouble [for the Jews] arose when Jews were seen to be getting too much power.” So, when Jews were persecuted and even massacred in Arab and/or Islamic lands, “the usual argument was that the Jews had violated the pact by overstepping their proper place.”
So, as the Jewish population in #British Mandate #Palestine grew larger and stronger while the Jews spoke of “statehood” and “sovereignty,” there was panic and fear among some in the local Arab Muslim population.
The Jews had been a dependent people, inferior to Muslims for centuries. How could the Jews suddenly become an independent people in charge of their own destinies?
This institutionalized humiliation of Jews in Arab/Muslim lands would not disappear quickly, and Jews who arrived from outside the Islamic world had no knowledge of or experience with the dhimmi relationship between Jews and Arab Muslims. So, the customs and mannerisms of European Jews were foreign in a way that made many Arab Muslims uncomfortable and feel disrespected because, “how dare that Jew fail to treat me with the proper respect and fail to acknowledge my superiority?”
With the State of Israel, suddenly there has been a Jewish State in a formerly “Islamic” land with its capital in #Jerusalem, which – while being the holiest place to Jews for more than 3,000 years – is the third holiest site for #Sunni Islam (not for #Shia Islam).
This simply “does not compute” for many Muslims to this very day, which is an undercurrent of the blind hatred many have for Jews and the Jewish State of Israel.
Captain Allen History — 2024-09-27:
What is “dhimmitude" & why is it an important, but often ignored, reason behind widespread Arab Muslim obsessive hatred for Israel as a Jewish state?
“Dhimmitude,” described by British Vice Consul in Mosul H.E.W. Young in 1909, describes the pre-modern State of Israel treatment of Jews by Muslims in the Middle East, which Young described as a “master/slave sort of way” where Jews lived “at the whims of [their] Muslim overlords” and “tolerance” only existed to the extent Jews “kept their place.”
The very idea of Arab Muslims living in a “Jewish State,” therefore, was an impossibility. Arab Muslims had been looking down on their subordinate Jewish neighbors as something more akin to Muslim property for centuries.
In the eyes of a Muslim, Jews were simply not a people capable of, or worthy of, being rulers. Jews were only worthy of being ruled by Muslims.
After all, how could those who rejected Muhammed rule over those who accepted Muhammed and lived by his teachings?
Jews’ rejection of Muhammed automatically made “Jews” synonymous with “infidels,” and required any Jews living in Muslim lands to openly acknowledge the superiority of Muslims in all ways and at all times.
In fact, history shows that any time Jews started gaining something even close to “equality” with Muslims while living in Arab or Islamic lands, the Jewish communities were repressed, sometimes violently.
Similarly, under Ottoman Muslim rule, most Jews in Eretz Israel lived in abject misery due to their inferior diimmi status.
One 19th century traveler to Eretz Israel, Signor Pananti wrote, “there is no species of outrage or vexation to which they are not exposed … the indolent Moor, with a pipe in his mouth and his legs crossed, calls any Jew who is passing, and makes him perform the offices of a servant … Even fountains were happier, at least they were allowed to murmur.”
Also, as Bernard Lewis wrote in “The Jews of Islam,” “[T]rouble [for the Jews] arose when Jews were seen to be getting too much power.” So, when Jews were persecuted and even massacred in Arab and/or Islamic lands, “the usual argument was that the Jews had violated the pact by overstepping their proper place.”
And as the Jewish population in British Mandate Palestine grew larger and stronger, and as the Jews spoke of “statehood” and “sovereignty,” there was panic and fear among some in the local Arab Muslim population.
The Jews had been a dependent people, inferior to Muslims for centuries. How could the Jews suddenly become an independent people in charge of their own destinies?
This institutionalized humiliation of Jews in Arab/Muslim lands would not disappear quickly, and Jews who arrived from outside the Islamic world had no knowledge of or experience with the dhimmi relationship between Jews and Arab Muslims. As such, the customs and mannerisms of European Jews were foreign in a way that made many Arab Muslims uncomfortable and feel disrespected because, “how dare that Jew fail to treat me with the proper respect and fail to acknowledge my superiority?”
With the State of Israel, suddenly there has been a Jewish State in a formerly “Islamic” land with its capital in Jerusalem, which – while being the holiest place on Earth to Jews for more than 3,000 years – is the third holiest site for Sunni Islam (it is not holy to Shia Islam).
This simply “does not compute” for many Muslims to this very day, which is an undercurrent of the blind hatred many have for Jews and the Jewish State of Israel.
The mindset in the Middle East is very simple. It is based on the Qur'anic concept of dhimmi status for all religious minorities who are "people of the book." Such people can at best be tolerated but they should NEVER be in a position in power whether within a country or within the Middle East. As such, Israel's existence violates a definitional and fundamental tenet of the mindset in the region. It is that simple. It has nothing to do with land; nothing to do with two states; nothing to do with other geopolitical realities. Islam is supreme. Islam can protect you as long as you know your place. Israel said NO! We have dignity; we have a right for self-autonomy. Ask yourself the following question: How are non-Muslim minorities faring throughout the Middle East? Yes, there are times when minorities are "tolerated" but the overlords reserve the right to exterminate you as they see fit. There is 1,400 years of that recorded history. Learn your history.
It’s not a coincidence that the most vocal supporters of the Ha*mas death cult in America are Radical Islamist WOMEN.
Ilhan Omar, Rashida Tlaib, Nerdeen Kiswani… the list goes on.
Why?
Because without their Dhimmi Jews, Muslim women are the lowest, most disenfranchised and oppressed group in the MENA social hierarchy.
Some brave souls, like the courageous women in Iran, fight the system for a better future.
And some hateful creatures like Ilhan, Rashida and Nerdeen target, harass and threaten Jews to make themselves appear “higher” in social status within the oppressive cage of Radical Islam.
They are no better than female “morality police” of the Islamic Regime, dragging girls off the streets to abuse, rape and murder them in private.
But my family didn’t go through hell to escape the Islamic Regime, just to sit back and watch as female baby-faced terrorist agents subvert Democracy to usher in Radical Islamist ideology.
So bring on your Intifada.
This Persian Jewess will never be anyone’s Dhimmi ever again.
Further reading
- Abe Greenwald, The ‘Hyper-Whitening’ of the Jews
- David Paxton, You know what it means so why are you bullshitting?
- Philadelphia Holocaust Remembrance Foundation: Antisemitism Explained
- The Algemeiner: How Antisemitism in Arab Media Infiltrates the West
- Tablet: Timmerman and disinformation
Further commentary
- @crayandrizzy — 2023-06-21.
- @canarymission — 2023-05-30.
- @JennieTetreault — 2023-06-02.
- @IzaTabaro — 2023-06-07.
- @em_eisenberg — 2023-06-22.
- @BNONews — 2023-10-10.
See also
- Antisemitism and anti-Ukrainian propaganda
- Russian racism
- Anti-Ukrainian racism
- Holocaust Inversion
- Roger Waters
- Jeremy Corbyn
- Kremlintarian Party/Antisemitism
- Kremlinism/Antisemitism
- Ukraine/Antisemitism
References
- ↑ Calvin University, German Propaganda Archive, “Jud Süß Program”; Kenyon College, Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection, “Jud Süss Film Flyer”, object 2012.1.492.
- ↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Antisemitism” and “Introduction to the Holocaust”.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Antisemitism”.
- ↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “An Antisemitic Conspiracy: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion”.
- ↑ Sergej Sumlenny, thread on Soviet and Russian antisemitism and anti-Ukrainian propaganda, 6 October 2023 (original, Liberpedia PDF).
- ↑ “Заболіло…”, Svoboda, 15 August 1981, no. 153, p. 2 (scan). The article identifies the cartoon in a June issue of Perets and describes the combined trident and Star of David on the yoke.
- ↑ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “MFA media announcement”, 2 May 2022, reproduced by GlobalSecurity.org.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 RFE/RL’s Tatar-Bashkir Service, “Cone of Contention: ‘Racism’ Furor in Tatarstan over ‘Poor Jew’ Ice Cream”, 7 March 2018.
- ↑ Reuters, “Russian firm milks chilly US-Kremlin ties with ‘Little Obama’ ice cream”, 7 May 2016; The Moscow Times, “Russian Company Halts ‘Little Obama’ Ice Cream Production”, 11 May 2016.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch, “Russia: Inadequate Response to Antisemitism in North Caucasus”, 9 November 2023.
- ↑ Deutsches Historisches Museum, “NSDAP zur Reichspräsidentenwahl 1932”, inventory P 62/1072; Iz Paehr and Johanna Schaffer, “Programmierbarkeit? ‘Memetisches Engagement’ und bioinformationelles Denken befragen”, Medienimpulse 61, no. 1 (2023), p. 15.
