State

"In the West, the Roman Empire (which continued in the East as the Byzantine Empire) disappeared in 476 and, although many efforts were made to revive it, there was clearly a period, about 900, when there was no empire, no state, and no public authority in the West. The state disappeared, yet society continued. So, also, religious and economic life continued. This clearly showed that the State and society were not the same thing, that society was the basic entity, and that the state was a crowning, but not essential, cap to the social structure. This experience had revolutionary effects. It was discovered that man can live without a state; this became the basis of Western liberalism. It was discovered that the state, if it exists, must serve men and that it is incorrect to believe that the purpose of men is serve the state. It was discovered that economic life, religious life, law, private property can all exist and function effectively without a state. From this emerged laissez-faire, separation of Church and State, rule of law, and the sanctity of private property. In Rome, in Byzantium, and in Russia, law was regarded as an enactment of a supreme power. In the West, when no supreme power existed, it was discovered that law still existed as the body of rules which govern social life. Thus law was found by observation in the West, not enacted by autocracy as in the East. This meant that authority was established by law and under the law in the West, while authority was established by power and above the law in the East. The West felt that the rules of economic life were found and not enacted; that individuals had rights independent of, and even opposed to, authority; that groups could exist, as the Church existed, by and not by privilege, and without the need to have any charter of corporation entitling them to exist as a group or act as a group; that individuals could own property as a right and not as a privilege that such property could not be taken by force but must be taken by established process of law. It was emphasized in the West that the way in which a thing was done was more important than what was done, while in the East what was done was far more significant than the way in which it was done." - Carroll Quigley, "Tragedy and Hope," p. 83