Customs officials

Customs officials are the quintessential Law Obstruction Officers.

astiat’s wit is on display in An Immense Discovery: There are men lying in wait along the whole length of the frontier, armed to the teeth and charged with the task of putting difficulties in the way of transporting goods from one country to another. They are called customs officials. They act in exactly the same way as the mud and the ruts. They delay and impede commerce; they contribute to the difference that we have noted between the price paid by the consumer and the price received by the producer.

Frédéric Bastiat

9. An Immense Discovery!!! Publishing history: Original title: “Immense découverte!!!” Place and date of first publication: JDE 12 (October 1845): 208–11. First French edition as book or pamphlet: Economic Sophisms (First Series) (1846). Location in Paillottet’s edition of OC: Vol. 4. Sophismes économiques. Petits pamphlets I, pp. 63–67. Previous translations: 1st English ed., 1846; 1st American ed., 1848; FEE ed., 1964. At a time when all minds are occupied with searching for savings on various means of transport; At a time when, in order to achieve these savings, we are leveling roads, canalizing rivers, improving steamships, and linking all our frontiers to Paris by an iron network, by traction systems that are atmospheric, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, etc.;1 1. In 1842 the government decided to encourage the building of a national network. Under the Railway Law of 11 June 1842 the government ruled that five main railways would be built radiating out of Paris which would be built in cooperation with private industry. The government would build and own the right of way, bridges, tunnels, and � ES1 9. An Immense Discovery!!! 55 Finally, at a time when I simply have to believe that everyone is enthusiastically and sincerely seeking the solution to the following problem: “To ensure that the price of things at their place of consumption is as close as possible to their price at their place of production.” I would feel guilty toward my country, my century, and myself if I kept secret any longer the marvelous discovery I have just made. For while the inventor’s illusions may well be legendary, I am as certain as I can be that I have found an infallible means that ensures that products from around the world reach France and vice versa with a considerable reduction in their prices. Infallible! This is just one of the advantages of my astonishing invention. It requires neither a drawing, an estimate, nor preliminary studies, nor any engineers, machine operators, entrepreneurs, capital, shareholders, nor help from the government! It offers no risk of shipwreck, explosion, shocks, fire, or derailment! It can be put into practice in less than a day! Lastly, and this will doubtless recommend it to the public, it will not cost the budget one centime, far from it. It will not increase the numbers of civil servants and the requirements of bureaucracy, far from it. It will not cost anyone his freedom, far from it. It is not by chance that I have come about my discovery; it is through observation. I have to tell you now what led me to it. This in fact was the question I had to solve: “Why does something made in Brussels, for example, cost more when it reaches Paris?” Well, it did not take me long to see that this is a result of the fact that there are several types of obstacles between Paris and Brussels. First of all, there is distance; we cannot cover this without a certain difficulty and loss of time, and we either have to subject ourselves to this or pay someone else to. Next come the rivers, the marshes, the lay of the land, and the mud; these are so many difficulties to be overcome. We do this by constructing roadways, building bridges, cutting roads, and reducing their resistance through the use railway stations, while private industry would lay the tracks and build and maintain the rolling stock and the lines. The government would also set rates and regulate safety. The first railway concessions were issued by the government in 1844–45, triggering a wave of speculation and attempts to secure concessions. See “French Railways” in appendix 3, “Economic Policy and Taxation.”� 56 Economic Sophisms: First Series of cobbles, iron bands, etc. But all this has a cost, and the object being carried must bear its share of these costs. There are also thieves on the roads, which necessitates a gendarmerie, a police force, etc. Well, among these obstacles, there is one that we have set up ourselves, and at great expense, between Brussels and Paris. This is the men lying in ambush all along the frontier, armed to the teeth and responsible for placing difficulties in the way of the transport of goods from one country to the other. We call them customs officers. They act in exactly the same way as mud or ruts in the road. They delay, hinder, and contribute to the difference we have noted between the cost of production and the consumer price, a difference which it is our problem to decrease as far as possible. And now we have solved the problem. Reduce tariffs.