Epicurus

“ Epicurus is one of the first philosophers to give a well-developed contractarian theory of justice. Epicurus says that justice is an agreement “neither to harm nor be harmed,” and that we have a preconception of justice as “what is useful in mutual associations.” People enter into communities in order to gain protection from the dangers of the wild, and agreements concerning the behavior of the members of the community are needed in order for these communities to function, e.g., prohibitions of murder, regulations concerning the killing and eating of animals, and so on. Justice exists only where there are such agreements.

— Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Epicurus (341—271 B.C.E.)

“ Greek text: Usener edition: Οὐκ ἦν τι καθ’ ἑαυτὸ δικαιοσύνη, ἀλλ’ ἐν ταῖς μετ’ ἀλλήλων συστροφαῖς καθ’ ὁπηλίκους δή ποτε ἀεὶ τόπους συνθήκη τις ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ βλάπτειν ἢ βλάπτεσθαι.

Hicks translation: There never was an absolute justice, but only a convention made in mutual intercourse, in whatever region, from time to time, providing against the infliction or suffering of harm.

Saint-Andre translation: Justice does not exist in itself; instead, it is always a compact to not harm one another or be harmed, which is agreed upon by those who gather together at some time and place.

— Principal Doctrines, 33

• Wikipedia, Epicurus

• Jan Maximilian Robitzsch, "Epicurean Justice and Law"

• Martin Masse, The Epicurean Roots of Some Classical Liberal and Misesian Concepts

• Sean Gabb, Epicurus: Father of the Enlightenment